Wednesday, January 6, 2010

在美国看病的基本常识(2)---医院、住院部和分科

一.医院:开放的外观、封闭的内部结构:

不管是临街而建,还是有独立小道进入的医院,美国的医院大楼从外观上是开放式的,没有围墙和门岗。如同留学生们熟悉的美国校园那样,无正二八经的校门和围墙。

有两个入口进入医院:紧急通道( Emergency Entrance )和正门入口( Main Entrance )。看急诊时直接开进紧急通道( Emergency Entrance ),直达急诊室( ER : Emergency Room 或称 ED : Emergency Department );当天手术 / 当天检测 / 交费 / 探望病人时由正门( Main Entrance )或与多层停车场相连的边门入内。当然从正门进去看急诊也不违规。

医院可能是单独的一栋高层大楼(小医院),也可能是连接的综合楼群。楼楼相通,且是封闭式的。 担架 ( Stretcher) 、轮椅( wheelchair )或步行均可通往各楼各层各检验室。另外,病房内的窗户未经许可,不可擅自打开。因为有些病房是密封、负压设计的,为防止空气传播的某些疾病,如 TB (肺结核病)的传播。而中国的医院恰好相反。国内的大部分老式医院有较封闭式的围墙和门卫和开放式的独立小楼拍片、做 CT Scan 或抽血化验等,奔来波去,经风雨见阳光。(这里只是单纯地比较。无意评论两国医院的优劣。一切习惯了就好!)

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二.住院部:

在美国看病,若不是急诊,一般要预约,在自己所选的家庭医生的诊所( Clinics or office )或由家庭医生转的专科医生诊所得到诊治。急诊或家庭医生认为你必须马上住院,就进医院治疗。所以美国的医院实际上是急诊室和住院部。当然现在的综合医院 也提供当天就能回家的简单手术室 / 中心( Outpatient One-day Surgery Suite/Center )和对外开放的各种 X-ray , CT Scan , MRI , EEG , EGD/Colonoscopy ,抽血化验等服务项目(外面诊所的医生开的检验处方)。

三.布局与分科:

进入大门,迎接你的就是醒目的问 讯 处( Information Desk ),紧挨着的可能是顾客服务台( Customer Service ) --- 专门受理患者或家属对医院服务不满的地方。严重的案件可直达医院的 CEO/ 医护人员的 Director 。左边或右边会是 Main Lobby (主厅堂),有椅子和小卖部提供咖啡、其它饮料及点心。另外还有登记处( Registry )、交费处( Cashier )、礼品小卖部( Gift Shop )、保安部( Security )、急诊室( ER )和相邻的重症监护室( ICU : Intensive Care Unit )、对外的药房( Pharmacy )(医院内部的药房一般在底层的地下室,和餐厅、供电、供应 / 维修及化验室 / 血库等部门一起。)、当天的手术室( Outpatient Surgery Suite/Center )和影像室( Image Center/Radiology Department )等,按医院格局的大小而分布不同。

急诊室里有专门的护士(叫 Triage Nurse )接待你,按病情的轻重缓急分类处理。心脏病、中风脑溢血、枪伤或大出血等紧急状况最先处理。轻微的病人有时候可能等上 3-4 小时后才能看到医生。人多忙碌时等上个 6-7 小时也不足奇。

除急诊医生和护士外,你在 ER 里可能还遇到:

1. 护士助理( PCT: Patient Care Technician 或称 PCA : Patient Care Associate ):帮你量体温、血压等指标,叫 Vital Sign 。或送饭或扶你下床、上厕所等 ……

2. 抽血者( Phlebotomist ):受训过的专业 抽血人员来到你的跟前采血。但紧急时护士会自己先采样送检。

3. 放射科人员( Radiologic technologists and technicians ):为你做 x-ray , CT 或 MRI 等检测。

4. 呼吸治疗师 (Respirtory Therapist ):帮助呼吸系统更有效地呼吸,采血检测ABG(Arterial Blood Gases)。是重症监护室( ICU )的一个重要成员。

5. 急诊专科医生或手术医生/ 麻醉师: 根据病情,医院有专门的 Emergency Team ,有的病人必须马上手术或由专科处理。

一般情况,你将在 ER 被观察几小时,根据病情的轻重,或出院或住院。重症病人立即转到重症监护室( ICU ),其他的按病症分到各科室,称 Unit 。

各科按楼按层用代号取名。一般用大楼的捐助者的姓氏的第一字母或 ABC 字母或楼群的“东西南北”走向命名。如: C wing 的楼层称 C1 , C2 , C3……South 方向的称 1S , 2S , 3S…… 朝东的称 E1 , E2 , E3…… 等等。你到达那一层时,会看到标示: OR ( Operating Room ), PACU ( Post Anesthesia Care Unit ) , Cardiac/Pulmonary Unit , Stroke Unit , Pediatrics , Oncology Unit , Dialysis Center , Sleep Center , Wound Care Center 等 …… 但有的医院除了明显标示 ER , ICU , OR 外,却以代号标示其它的Units ---为方便内部电话 /Page System 紧急联络和定位,你询问时才告诉你具体的科名。但产科例外,几乎所有的医院都醒目地标着: Women’s Center 或 Birth Center 。也许是因为产妇从某种意义上来说不算病人,且迎接的又是新生命,极少死亡或加护,所以总是令人兴奋、欢喜的缘故吧。

读得累了吧,看一组Centennial Hills Hospital Medical Center (6900 North Durango Dr. Las Vegas, NV 89149-4409)的照片:

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Main Lobby and Welcome Desk Main Lobby West Wing—Mountain View

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OR(Surgery Room ) PACU(Surgery Recovery Area)

得到急诊医生的处理、住进相应的科室( Unit )后,根据医院的不同设置和管理体系,你可能见到你的家庭医生( PCP : Primary Care Physician )--- 他 / 她是这家医院的合约医生;或者医院指定一医生给你,叫 Hospitalist( 驻诊医师)---他 / 她替代你的家庭医生为你服务;或者医院指定一专科医生( Specialist )--- 比如心、肺、肾、骨科专科或肿瘤专科等。

医院根据自己的大小和医护人员的配备,会列出它的服务范围( Programs and Services ),各有增减、各有强项/优势。
举例:

*Emergency Room
*Radiology
*Plastic Surgery
*General/Vascular Surgery
*Neurosurgery/Neurology

*Radiation-Oncology
*Orthopedics
*Dermatology
*Gastroenterology
*Urology

*Cardiology
*OB/GYN
*Ophthalmology
*Otorhinolaryngology
*Internal Medicine

*Geriatrics
*Family Medicine
*Psychiatry
........

四.外科医生和一些专科医生的分类与介绍(供新移民参考。人老了,脑子不灵了。若有遗漏和错误,敬请指正。)

1.外科医生(Surgeon):

1) General surgery
普通外科

a) Cardiothoracic surgery 心胸肺外科

b) Colorectal surgery 结肠直肠外科

c) Pediatric surgery 小儿外科

d) Plastic surgery 整形手术

e)Vascular surgery 血管外科

f) Trauma surgery 创伤外科

g) Breast surgery 乳腺外科

h)Surgical Oncology 肿瘤外科

i) Endocrine surgery 内分泌外科

j)Dermatological Surgery 皮肤科手术

2) Otolaryngology 耳鼻喉科

3)Oral and maxillofacial surgery 口腔颌面外科

4)Orthopaedic surgery 矫形外科

5)Neurosurgery 神经外科

6)Ophthalmology 眼科

7)Podiatric surgery 足外科

8)Urology 泌尿外科
......

(注:与外科医生密切配合的是Anesthesiologist 麻醉师。In the United States, anesthesiologists are physicians (MD or DO) who have chosen to specialize in anesthesiology。当然有的时候有Nurse AnesthetistAnesthesiologist's Assistants来担负/协助麻醉。他们的工作十分重要。想一想,总要把病人麻倒了,外科医生的牛刀才能上啊!:)

2.专科医生:

Specialist

Specialty

Focus

Anesthesiologist 麻醉师 Anesthesia Anesthesia : the administration of drugs to dull sensation or awareness.
Cardiologist 心脏科医生Cardiology Disease of the cardiovascular system . The field is commonly divided into subdisciplines dealing with congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology.
Dermatologist 皮肤科医生 Dermatology Skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc).
Emergency MD 急诊医生 Emergency medicine

The initial management of emergent medical conditions, often in hospital emergency departments or the field.

Endocrinologist 内分泌科医生 Endocrinology

The endocrine system (i.e. endocrine glands and hormones ) and its diseases, including diabetes and thyroid diseases.

Family MD 家庭医生Family medicineContinuing, comprehensive health care for the individual and family, integrating the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to treat patients of all ages, sexes, organ systems, and diseases.
Gastroenterologist 胃肠科医生 Gastroenterology The alimentary tract.
Geriatrician 老年病科医师 GeriatricsElderly patients.
Hematologist 血液学家HematologyThe Blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. Hematology is grouped with oncology in the US.
Hepatologist 肝脏病学家 Hepatology The Liver and biliary tract, usually a part of gastroenterology.
Infectious disease MD 传染病学家Infectious diseaseDiseases caused by biological agents
Intensive care medicine MD 重症监护医师 Intensive care medicineLife support and management of critically ill patients, often in an ICU.
Nephrologist 肾脏专科医师 NephrologyKidney disease.
Neurologist 神经科医师 NeurologyDiseases involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
Obstetrician and Gynecologist 妇产科医生 Obstetrics and gynecologyFemale reproductive organs, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Oncologist 肿瘤学家/ 肿瘤科医生 OncologyCancer and other malignant diseases, often grouped with hematology.
Palliative care MD 舒缓疗法专家 Palliative careA relatively modern branch of clinical medicine that deals with pain and symptom relief and emotional support in patients with terminal illnesses including cancer and heart failure.
Pathologist 病理学家 PathologyUnderstanding disease through examination of molecules, cells, tissues and organs. The term encompasses both the medical specialty which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related scientific study of disease processes.
Pediatrician 儿科医生Pediatricsdeals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents (from newborn to age 16-21, depending on the country).
Proctologist 肛肠科医生 ProctologyDisease in the rectum, anus, and colon.
Psychiatrist 精神病科医生 PsychiatryThe bio-psycho-social study of the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cognitive, perceptual, emotional and behavioral disorders. Related non-medical fields include psychotherapy and clinical psychology.
Pulmonologist 肺科医生 PulmonologyThe lungs and respiratory system. Pulmonology is generally considered a branch of internal medicine, although it is closely related to intensive care medicine when dealing with patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
Radiologist 放射科医师 RadiologyThe use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis. X-rays, etc.
Rheumatologist 风湿病科医生 RheumatologyAutoimmune and inflammatory diseases of the joints and other organ systems, such as arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.

另外,不能列入专科医生里的有各类的有处方权的Physician's AssistantsNurse Practitioners。他们协助医生为你服务。其中一些人相当优秀,经验十足。

在美国看病的基本常识(1)---家庭医生/主要医生

在美国当你决定看医生时,大致有以下步骤:

根据雇主提供的或自己选的医疗保险公司名称,上网或打电话要求一份你所住地区的Physician Directory ( which will list the physician names and office addresses)。

第一:选择一个主要的医生 ( Primary Care Physician,简称PCP),选择以下之一:

家庭常规医生 (Family Practice/Genernal Practice):对成人和儿童,看普通常见病的。

内科医生 ( Internal Medicine):经过学习训练,处理成人的许多慢性疾病。

小儿科医生 ( Pediatrician):仅看小儿科,给孩子选的主要的医生 。

一般来说,在未经过你的主要医生的情况下,不要试图给一个专科医生打电话。专科医生通常需要一个基本的诊断和/或从主要医生转来的。他/她的专长在其专科上,不会花时间、也无义务把你的全身查个遍。因为那是你的主要医生的责任。

第二:给你选择的主要医生打电话。你必须会讲英文或有一个会讲英文的人帮助你(住中国城找中国医生的除外)。如果接电话的人不明白你的英文,电话将会终止。

如果你是个新病人,请准备好你的姓名,出生日,地址,电话号码和医疗保险。如果你没有医疗保险,告诉医疗办公室你无医疗保险但将自己支付,并在预约前询问好大约需要多少费用。必要时多问几个医疗办公室。

在预约之前,医疗办公室可能寄给你一份新病人需要登记和完成的资料。你必须用英文填写全部资料并交回。如医疗办公室接收你为新病人,你需要告诉你的医疗保险公司你所选的主要医生的名字。这样保险公司才会付费。

第三:一旦你确定了一个预约时间,你需要遵守以下规则:

规则一:准时!这是看医生最重要的部分。

例如:你的预约时间是10:00 AM,应在09:55 AM 之前到达。如你迟到,你可能将不能看医生,因为这个事先为你安排的时间已经过去了。除非你事先通知医疗办公室,你遇到了交通堵塞,可能迟到五分钟且办公室 同意为你保留这一预约时间。如你失去了你的预约时间,通常办公室收取$25费用。如你是新病人还没有填写任何资料,请至少在预约时间的30分钟之前到达。 如你有了预约,但因某种原因不能来,你必须在24小时前打电话取消或重新预约,否则将被罚款。

规则二:见医生前先到前台---带照片的身份证件和医疗保险卡。

a. 签到---到前台check in登记口签到,告诉接待人员你的名字和你的预约时间。

b.部分付费或全部付费---如你以前来过并有医疗保险,你将要支付部分费用(co-pay for office visit);如你没有保险,你将在看医生之前全部支付费用。

c.填写表格---你需要填写两种基本表格---第一种是关于你和你的病史;第二种是关于医疗保险和HIPPA政策等。如你不能自己填写,可以找人代填,但需代填人与你同时签字说明有效。

规则三:侯医室---坐下等候

请勿抽烟!请关掉手机,尽量不打扰他人,静候护士叫你进去见医生。如咳嗽时请把嘴遮盖住以免传播病菌。儿科诊所常分:健康儿童体检区和病儿区(well-child waiting room and sick-child waiting room)。

规则四:诊断室

a.假如你是新病人,护士会检查你的身高体重体温血压等,取得你的基础数据。假如需要脱衣服,护士会指导你该怎样准备,穿上罩衣,等候医生。

b.有什么病?---你必须告诉医生你有什么不舒服。如你的英文不好需带一个翻译---必须有能力来叙述你的病情或哪里疼痛。在来之前请把你的问题写在纸上,以免忘记,使你的病症和问题在有限的时间里得到最好的处理和回答。

c.你服用的药品种类---带一个药品清单,包括一次服几片和多长时间一次。或带来药瓶说明情况。如你服用的是中国药品,你必须带来它的英文名字。

d.带病历---如你在以前的医生那里有一个检验结果和病历,请把它带来。另外,你需要提供药物过敏的名字。

e.你大概有15分钟的时间看医生。医生需要这个时间给你一个诊断和需要的治疗方案,并解答你的疑问。遇到你不懂的病名和药名,你可以要求医生用通俗的话 (非医学术语)解释或写下来给你。如你有多项身体问题,一次选择三个最重要的,并排好优先次序。一般来说,你有三个以上的病情,医生会让你预约另一时间。

规则五:再一次到前台

在你离开之前请再次到前台。查清和确定所有的事宜是否全部做完;医生是否要你再来并给你一个新的预约时间;是否需要一个其它的检查或化验的预约;或转到专科医生那里,前台要给你专科医生的电话号码或帮你预约;或你需要支付额外的附加费用,等等。


了解这些简单的规则,将有助于你看病就医,使你应付自如、轻松愉快!





Monday, January 4, 2010

Italian doctor may have found surprisingly simple cure for Multiple Sclerosis

這項發現掀起國際的一陣不小的騷動

Italian doctor may have found surprisingly simple cure for Multiple Sclerosis
這項發現掀起國際的一陣不小的騷動

An Italian doctor has been getting dramatic results with a new type of treatment for Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, which affects up to 2.5 million people worldwide. In an initial study, Dr. Paolo Zamboni took 65 patients with relapsing-remitting MS, performed a simple operation to unblock restricted bloodflow out of the brain - and two years after the surgery, 73% of the patients had no symptoms. Dr. Zamboni's thinking could turn the current understanding of MS on its head, and offer many sufferers a complete cure.

Multiple sclerosis, or MS, has long been regarded as a life sentence of debilitating nerve degeneration. More common in females, the disease affects an estimated 2.5 million people around the world, causing physical and mental disabilities that can gradually destroy a patient's quality of life.

MS目前全球有約250萬病人

It's generally accepted that there's no cure for MS, only treatments that mitigate the symptoms - but a new way of looking at the disease has opened the door to a simple treatment that is causing radical improvements in a small sample of sufferers.

Italian Dr. Paolo Zamboni has put forward the idea that many types of MS are actually caused by a blockage of the pathways that remove excess iron from the brain - and by simply clearing out a couple of major veins to reopen the blood flow, the root cause of the disease can be eliminated.

Dr. Zamboni's revelations came as part of a very personal mission - to cure his wife as she began a downward spiral after diagnosis. Reading everything he could on the subject, Dr. Zamboni found a number of century-old sources citing excess iron as a possible cause of MS. It happened to dovetail with some research he had been doing previously on how a buildup of iron can damage blood vessels in the legs - could it be that a buildup of iron was somehow damaging blood vessels in the brain?

He immediately took to the ultrasound machine to see if the idea had any merit - and made a staggering discovery. More than 90% of people with MS have some sort of malformation or blockage in the veins that drain blood from the brain. Including, as it turned out, his wife.

MS病患中有90%以上的人發現有靜脈血管窄化的現象

He formed a hypothesis on how this could lead to MS: iron builds up in the brain, blocking and damaging these crucial blood vessels. As the vessels rupture, they allow both the iron itself, and immune cells from the bloodstream, to cross the blood-brain barrier into the cerebro-spinal fluid. Once the immune cells have direct access to the immune system, they begin to attack the myelin sheathing of the cerebral nerves - Multiple Sclerosis develops.

He named the problem Chronic Cerebro-Spinal Venous Insufficiency, or CCSVI.

Zamboni immediately scheduled his wife for a simple operation to unblock the veins - a catheter was threaded up through blood vessels in the groin area, all the way up to the effected area, and then a small balloon was inflated to clear out the blockage. It's a standard and relatively risk-free operation - and the results were immediate. In the three years since the surgery, Dr. Zamboni's wife has not had an attack.

Widening out his study, Dr. Zamboni then tried the same operation on a group of 65 MS-sufferers, identifying blood drainage blockages in the brain and unblocking them - and more than 73% of the patients are completely free of the symptoms of MS, two years after the operation.

65位Ms病患在確認靜脈血管窄化的情性後進行手術, 手術後2年 超過73%的病患沒有復發..

In some cases, a balloon is not enough to fully open the vein channel, which collapses either as soon as the balloon is removed, or sometime later. In these cases, a metal stent can easily be used, which remains in place holding the vein open permanently.

Dr. Zamboni's lucky find is yet to be accepted by the medical community, which is traditionally slow to accept revolutionary ideas. Still, most agree that while further study needs to be undertaken before this is looked upon as a cure for MS, the results thus far have been very positive.

Naturally, support groups for MS sufferers are buzzing with the news that a simple operation could free patients from what they have always been told would be a lifelong affliction, and further studies are being undertaken by researchers around the world hoping to confirm the link between CCSVI and MS, and open the door for the treatment to become available for sufferers worldwide.

It's certainly a very exciting find for MS sufferers, as it represents a possible complete cure, as opposed to an ongoing treatment of symptoms. We wish Dr. Zamboni and the various teams looking further into this issue the best of luck.

2009: Year of Research Breakthroughs in Multiple Sclerosis

2009 was an amazing year for research into the cause of and treatment for multiple sclerosis.

In January, researchers from Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine announced that the neurological dysfunction of early-stage multiple sclerosis patients appeared to be reversed by transplanting the patient’s own immune stem cells into their bodies and resetting their immune systems.

“This is the first time we have turned the tide on this disease,” said principal investigator Richard Burt, MD, chief of immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases at the Feinberg School. The clinical trial was performed at Northwestern Memorial Hospital. The patients in the small trial continued to improve for up to 24 months after the stem cell transplant and then stabilized. Improvements were seen in the areas which were affected by MS, including walking, ataxia, limb strength, vision, and incontinence.

The encouraging news is that patients’ own stem cells were used, eliminating ethical concerns about the use of embryonic stem cells in medical research.

The patient group was made up of 12 women and 11 men on the early stages of relapsing-remitting MS. After three years, 17 patients improved by at least one point on the standard disability scale. None of the patients scores were lower. More trials are now underway to confirm these findings. Researchers also caution that in order for this procedure to work, it must be done before permanent nerve-cell damage has taken place.

In June, two studies published in the journal Nature Genetics report identifying new genes and gene regions that contribute to making people susceptible to developing MS.

In August, Canadian researchers announced that mice with an disease akin to MS experienced recovery when administered “GIFT15″ - a compound formed by fusing two immune proteins. Findings by Jacques Galipeau, MD (McGill University, Montreal) were reported in Nature Medicine (August 2009).

In addition, an international team reversed MS in mice by administering lisinopril, a drug commonly used to lower blood pressure. A drug used to treat diabetes (metformin) also improved MS-like disease in mice in a study by researchers from Medical University of South Carolina and Mayo Clinic.

A study released in October challenged what we know about multiple sclerosis. Researchers at the Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center at the University of Buffalo are looking into the possibility that MS results from narrowing of the primary veins outside the skull — chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. In CCSVI, narrowing of the veins restricts the flow of blood from the brain, causing degeneration of neurons.

CCSVI was discovered by Paolo Zamboni, M.D., from Italy’s University of Ferrara. Results of a preliminary study of 16 patients with relapsing/remitting MS and eight healthy controls showed that all the MS patients, but none of the controls, had chronic insufficient blood flow out of the brain. Studies are ongoing. Previous theories about the cause of MS point to a genetic pre-disposition, environmental causes, or an abnormal response of the body’s immune system.

If the CTEVD study does, in fact, point to CCSVI as a cause of MS, it would be possible to identify people at risk of developing MS before symptoms are obvious and permanent damage has begun.

“If we can prove our hypothesis, that cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is the underlying cause of MS,” said Robert Zivadinov, M.D., Ph.D., UB associate professor of neurology, director of the Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (BNAC) and principal investigator on the study, “it is going to change the face of how we understand MS.” (quote from MedicalNews.net, emphasis mine)

Isolating the cause of MS is the first step toward more effective treatments and, eventually, a cure for this debilitating condition. The good news is that research is ongoing on multiple fronts and the last decade has seen major progress in treatment of relapsing/remitting MS, as well as treatment of symptoms.

2009 was quite a year — promising research on several fronts offer people with MS cause for great hope. Finding the cause means better treatments… and possibly the long-sought cure. 2010 is beginning on a positive note.

News reports tout potential cure for Multiple Sclerosis

Headlines in the past few days have seemed upbeat about a potential cure for Multiple Sclerosis. Careful about false hope, however—the cure has so far been only in mice.

The effects of MS have reversed in mice completely.

While searching for a cure for cancer, the Canadian scientists stumbled across this treatment, and it could be two years before it's available for humans.

The details are in articles below.

Here are some of the promising headlines (click for the stories)…

* Cure for multiple sclerosis now possible

MS reversed in mice

Multiple sclerosis successfully reversed in animals

Montreal Hospital May Have Found Multiple Sclerosis Cure

Multiple sclerosis cure in the work

Sunday, January 3, 2010

如何让你的图片在博客显示正常尺寸而不被缩小到450!

这些天连续拜访了摄坛和风坛不少网友的博客,发现90%的网友用了image code来放图片,这个扣的在坛里能正确显示图片尺寸,但在文学城的博客就会被迫把图片缩小到宽只有450了,看起来很不方便,但要是你改成 background扣的,博客和坛里图片都会正常显示。请看我博客收藏半缘心的天鹅贴,不仅load快,而且尺寸不会再缩小了,但要注意这个扣你得写出 宽和高的尺寸。


参考贴
半缘心摄影作品欣赏:天鹅


要是你不要中文字在中间显示而是在边上,就去掉开头和最后的center.以下是我特为大家写的简单的扣。只要你replace with 1) 图片的url地 址 2)图片的宽和高 3)中文解说就可以了。你可以把我的扣copy and paste to your blog to try it out. Good luck! – yuanyuan88/yy888










天鹅1





天鹅2






天鹅3






天鹅4





谢谢!


英语在线翻译、词典、离线工具大全

来源: 【美语世界】简洁的想法 于 08-05-27 08:10:22

http://web.wenxuecity.com/BBSView.php?SubID=mysj&MsgID=21061


无论是我们平时浏览网页还是阅读文献都会或多或少遇到几个难懂的英文词汇,这时我们就不免要翻翻词典了。在电脑山使用的词典工具可以分为两种:
在线词典,通过访问网站进行查询翻译。
离线词典,就是可以不用联网,只要下载安装并运行就可以方便取词翻译;
两种词典各有优势,现在我就根据我的使用情况来总结一下:


一、在线词典
1、金山爱词霸(http://www.iciba.com/
最老牌的在线词典。词汇主要是从金山词霸整理而来,解释权威准确;用户也可以添加爱心词典,这部分词汇的准确性无法保证。常用词汇提供了真人发音和相关词汇释意。
同时,爱词霸还提供了多种扩展功能,如QQ、MSN机器人、Firefox插件等,使你可以随时随地地翻译词汇。具体可以查看http://web.iciba.com/partner/ ,找到更多实用工具。

2、海词在线词典(http://www.dict.cn/
海词在线词典由在美国印第安纳大学的中国留学生范剑淼创建。正式使用于2003年11月27日(美国的感恩节)。 词汇主要由计算机生成,准确性相对爱词霸弱,但是它提供了大量例句并且有发音,可以帮助矫正发音问题。
海词也提供了大量的小工具,你可以把它们添加到你的博客或者个人网站上来增加更多丰富多彩的功能。具体可以查看http://www.dict.cn/tools.html

3、里氏英汉词典在线(http://www.dict.li/
里 氏词典是迈迪开发的英语在线词典,开发和运营能力都比较成熟,拼写提提示、后续词汇列表、外部词典跳转等功能都是做得非常有特色, 同时也是唯一一个提供分布式服务器的网站,用户可以自由切换访问速度最快的服务器。里氏词典提供完整的韦氏词典、WordNet英英词典、数十万条英汉对 照例句和数百万英语例句,是所有在线词典里内容最丰富的网站。不过遗憾的是里氏至今没有提供真人发音和用户系统。

4、译典通(http://www.dreye.com.cn/)
网站的所有者为英业达(上海)有限公司。译曲通提供了较大量的词汇并配有真人发音,同时可以查询同义词/反义词,词形变化等。另外还可以查询日语词汇,并配有日语、英语学堂。

5、雅虎字典(http://zidian.cn.yahoo.com/)
雅虎字典一个最大的好处就是他能翻译网络词汇,在互联时代,像汉字一样,很多旧词有了新解,这时候你就可以通过网络词汇来查找它的亲含意了。不过,雅虎的单词翻译是由译典通提供的。

6、有道词典(http://dict.yodao.com/)
有道是网易自主研发的搜索引擎,并提供词典功能。有道词典的释义来自海词,但又有很多创新,比如英英翻译、网络解释、例句查询、同义词、反义词等,还可以创建自己的单词本。

7、百度词典(http://dict.baidu.com/)
百度词典的释义来自译典通,并且没有太大改进,无拼写提示无发音,基本上没有什么特点。类似于Handbook一类的工具书。
此外,在线词典还有很多,比如林语堂《当代汉英大词典》、韦氏在线词典、英语多功能词典等。

二、离线词典、翻译软件
1、金山词霸(http://g.iciba.com/)
金山词霸是目前使用最为广泛的汉英双语工具。他不仅词汇量大,使用也相当方便,它的桌面取词方式影响了中国后来几乎所有的词典软件,可以说是做的相当成功的一款词汇软件,最近和谷歌合作开始推出免费版本了,不过在词库方面打了点折扣。


2、灵格斯词霸(http://www.lingoes.cn/)
也 是词霸哦,不过他是灵格斯,他是一款全免费可在线更新词库的词典工具。它的安装文件非常小,目前最新版也只有2.8M。使用者可以根据自己的需要下载不同 的词典库,如牛津高阶英语词典 (第6版)、朗文当代英语词典 (第4版) 、柯林斯高阶英语词典 (第4版) 等等。灵格斯只是一个外壳,你安装什么样的词典就能翻译什么样的词汇,比如你安装了法语、德语、日语、甚至是爱斯基摩语词典,只要安装他就能翻译。其软件 的方方面面都受到了巴比伦词典的影响,比如只有当同时按下Ctrl键时才会取词。
词霸下载:http://www.lingoes.cn/zh/translator/index.html
词库下载:http://www.lingoes.cn/zh/dictionary/index.html


3、星际译王(http://stardict.sourceforge.net/)
一 款开源且免费的翻译工具。支持全文翻译、网络词汇、鼠标取词等。它是一个跨平台的国际化的词典软件,有选中区取词,通配符匹配,模糊查询等强大功能。目前 已有两百多个词典,支持几十种语言,其中中文词汇有100多万。跨平台的国际词典软件!它功能强大,实用性强,“ 通配符匹配”,“鼠标查词”,“模糊查询”等功能倍受青睐!
下载:http://stardict.sourceforge.net/

三、在线翻译
1、Google在线翻译:(http://www.google.cn/language_tools?hl=zh-CN)
谷歌的语言工具提供多种语言互译,同时还提供了全站翻译等,翻译还算比较准确。访问:

2、Yahoo!在线翻译 (http://fanyi.cn.yahoo.com/)
和谷歌相似,提供多种语言的全文翻译,翻译准确率较高。

3、百度在线翻译 (http://site.baidu.com/list/104fy.htm)
提供了比较简单的翻译功能,并可以使用Google的翻译工具。

4、爱词霸在线翻译 (http://fy.iciba.com/v
提供了金山快译的部分功能,同样提供多各语言的互译。每次最多可以翻译500字,不过翻译结果也是来自Google。

5、微软Windows Live翻译 (http://www.windowslivetranslator.com/Default.aspx)
这是软件专门用于提供翻译服务的网站,微软的翻译还是相当准确的,每次最多翻译500字,同时也提供网站全站翻译,支持多种语言。

6、华译网在线翻译 (http://www.readworld.com/)
这是一家专业的翻译公司提供的在线翻译服务。

7、金桥翻译中心 (http://www.netat.net/)
这是比较老牌的线上翻译服务公司,提供免费服务,本科毕业的时候在上面翻译过论文。

8、联通华建 (http://www.165net.com/)
提供1K以内的英汉、汉英、日汉、汉日在线翻译。

9、国外的一个免费翻译网站 (http://www.freetranslation.com/)
也是以前用过的,网址也很好记,感觉这个的翻译结果还是比较令人满意的,翻译的时候你可以选择“人工翻译”和“自动翻译”,“人工翻译”是收费服务: